Plant protection product residues in plant pollen and nectar: A review of current knowledge

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dc.contributor.authorZioga, Elena
dc.contributor.authorKelly, Ruth
dc.contributor.authorWhite, Blánaid
dc.contributor.authorStout, Jane C.
dc.contributor.departmentGrassland and Plant Science
dc.date.accessioned2024-03-19T09:50:33Z
dc.date.available2024-03-19T09:50:33Z
dc.date.issued2020-07-09
dc.descriptionPublication history: Accepted - 22 June 2020; Published online - 9 July 2020
dc.description.abstractExposure to Plant Protection Products, PPPs, (fungicides, herbicides and insecticides) is a significant stressor for bees and other pollinators, and has recently been the focus of intensive debate and research. Specifically, exposure through contaminated pollen and nectar is considered pivotal, as it presents the highest risk of PPP exposure across all bee species. However, the actual risk that multiple PPP residues might pose to non-target species is difficult to assess due to the lack of clear evidence of their actual concentrations. To consolidate the existing knowledge of field-realistic residues detected in pollen and nectar directly collected from plants, we performed a systematic literature review of studies over the past 50 years (1968–2018). We found that pollen was the matrix most frequently evaluated and, of the compounds investigated, the majority were detected in pollen samples. Although the overall most studied category of PPPs were the neonicotinoid insecticides, the compounds with the highest median concentrations of residues in pollen were: the broad spectrum carbamate carbofuran (1400 ng/g), the fungicide and nematicide iprodione (524 ng/g), and the organophosphate insecticide dimethoate (500 ng/g). In nectar, the highest median concentration of PPP residues detected were dimethoate (1595 ng/g), chlorothalonil (76 ng/g), and the insecticide phorate (53.5 ng/g). Strong positive correlation was observed between neonicotinoid residues in pollen and nectar of cultivated plant species. The maximum concentrations of several compounds detected in nectar and pollen were estimated to exceed the LD50s for honey bees, bumble bees and four solitary bee species, by several orders of magnitude. However, there is a paucity of information for the biggest part of the world and there is an urgent need to expand the range of compounds evaluated in PPP studies.
dc.description.sponsorshipThis work was funded by an Irish Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine award (Project Ref: 17/S/232).
dc.identifierhttps://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12518/676
dc.identifier.citationZioga, E., Kelly, R., White, B. and Stout, J.C. (2020) ‘Plant protection product residues in plant pollen and nectar: A review of current knowledge’, Environmental Research. Elsevier BV. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2020.109873.
dc.identifier.issn0013-9351
dc.identifier.urihttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2020.109873
dc.language.isoen
dc.publisherElsevier
dc.rights© 2020 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Inc.
dc.subjectPesticide residues
dc.subjectPPPs
dc.subjectBees
dc.subjectExposure hazard
dc.subjectRisk assessment
dc.titlePlant protection product residues in plant pollen and nectar: A review of current knowledge
dc.typeArticle
dcterms.dateAccepted2020-06-22
dcterms.dateSubmitted2020-01-25

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