A review of Willow (Salix spp.) as an integrated biorefinery feedstock

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dc.contributor.authorBaker, Paul
dc.contributor.authorCharlton, Adam
dc.contributor.authorJohnston, Christopher
dc.contributor.authorLeahy, James J.
dc.contributor.authorLindegaard, Kevin
dc.contributor.authorPisano, Italo
dc.contributor.authorPrendergast, John
dc.contributor.authorPreskett, Dave
dc.contributor.authorSkinner, Campbell
dc.date.accessioned2022-11-01T14:34:19Z
dc.date.available2022-11-01T14:34:19Z
dc.date.issued2022-10-22
dc.descriptionPublication history: Accepted - 13 October 2022; Published online - 22 October 2022en_US
dc.description.abstractThroughout history, the genus Salix (willow) has been an incredibly useful temperate plant for humans, with widespread global distribution and species indigenous to all continents except Antarctica. Estimations of the number of species range from 450 to 520 worldwide, and there are still more natural hybrids and multi-hybrid combinations. Several biomass willow breeding programmes have been established across the globe. All of these attempt to produce fast-growing, high-yielding stems with a straight habit and minimal side branching that are highly adaptable to different sites and are also disease and pest resistant. Short rotation coppice (SRC) cultivation involves growing willow at close spacings with a stocking rate of around 15,000 per hectare with harvests every 2–4 years. The crop is mechanically harvested, typically using a forager, and material has recently been used for bioenergy applications. Trial plots have achieved yields of up to 20 odt/ha/yr, whilst well-tended commercial crops have yielded up to 14 odt/ha/yr. Global willow breeding programmes have produced a wide variety of commercial genotypes that have suitable properties for easy planting and harvesting and have the added benefit of elevated levels of bioactive compounds, including salicin, present in the bark, which can be used in medical and veterinary applications. These high-yielding willow varieties grow well in the wetter regions of the globe, including NW Europe, and afford multiple harvests before re-planting. Salix's versatility and adaptability and the SRC cultivation process make them an ideal candidate feedstock for use in an integrated biorefinery to produce a range of biobased materials, including pharmaceuticals, and biocomposites, fuels, energy and fertiliser.en_US
dc.description.sponsorshipThe authors would like to thank the European Union's Interreg North West Europe programme, financed by the European Regional Development Fund (Biowill; project number 964) and also the Welsh Government (Environmental Evidence Programme) for support and to Micaela Cosgrove (European Landowners Organisation) for final proof reading.en_US
dc.identifierhttp://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12518/495
dc.identifier.citationBaker, P., Charlton, A., Johnston, C., Leahy, J.J., Lindegaard, K., Pisano, I., Prendergast, J., Preskett, D. and Skinner, C. (2022) ‘A review of Willow (Salix spp.) as an integrated biorefinery feedstock’, Industrial Crops and Products. Elsevier BV. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2022.115823.en_US
dc.identifier.issn0926-6690
dc.identifier.issn1872-633X
dc.identifier.urihttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2022.115823
dc.language.isoenen_US
dc.publisherElsevieren_US
dc.rightsCopyright 2022 Elsevier. This manuscript is distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/), which permits distribution and reproduction for non-commercial purposes, provided the author and source are cited.en_US
dc.subjectIntegrated biorefineryen_US
dc.subjectBiobased productsen_US
dc.subjectWillowen_US
dc.subjectCircular bioeconomyen_US
dc.titleA review of Willow (Salix spp.) as an integrated biorefinery feedstocken_US
dc.typeArticleen_US
dcterms.dateAccepted2022-10-13
dcterms.dateSubmitted2022-08-19

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