Ecological Footprint and Its Determinants in MENA Countries: A Spatial Econometric Approach

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dc.contributor.authorRamezani, Mohammadreza
dc.contributor.authorAbolhassani, Leili
dc.contributor.authorForoushani, Naser Shahnoushi
dc.contributor.authorBurgess, Diane E.
dc.contributor.authorAminizadeh, Milad
dc.date.accessioned2022-10-10T11:40:40Z
dc.date.available2022-10-10T11:40:40Z
dc.date.issued2022-09-18
dc.descriptionPublication history: Accepted - 15 September 2022; Published online - 18 September 2022en_US
dc.description.abstractCountries in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) have been facing serious environmental issues due to over-exploitation of natural resources. This paper analyzes the ecological footprint as a proxy of environmental degradation and determines its influencing factors in 18 MENA countries during 2000–2016. Despite the many studies on the relationship between the ecological footprint and its determinants in the region, the current study use spatial econometric models to take into account spatial dependence in the ecological footprint as well as its determinants. Using a spatial Durbin model, we revealed that neighbors’ behavior can significantly affect a country’s ecological footprint. Factors such as GDP per capita, trade openness, and financial development were found to increase environmental degradation, while the renewable energy consumption, urbanization, and quality of democracy effectively reduce the ecological footprint. These factors not only affect the ecological footprint in the host country, but also affect it in the adjacent countries in different ways. Due to the interdependence of the countries, we recommend development of a regional vision of the bio-economy such that the scope of the analysis goes beyond the country level to account for territorial effects. Furthermore, considering the great potential for renewable energy consumption in the region, we recommend MENA countries to develop use of renewable energy sources in order to reduce environmental degradation in the regionen_US
dc.identifierhttp://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12518/489
dc.identifier.citationRamezani, M., Abolhassani, L., Shahnoushi Foroushani, N., Burgess, D. and Aminizadeh, M. (2022) ‘Ecological Footprint and Its Determinants in MENA Countries: A Spatial Econometric Approach’, Sustainability. MDPI AG. Available at: https://doi.org/10.3390/su141811708.en_US
dc.identifier.issn2071-1050
dc.identifier.urihttps://doi.org/10.3390/su141811708
dc.language.isoenen_US
dc.publisherMDPIen_US
dc.rights© 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by/ 4.0/).en_US
dc.subjectecological footprinten_US
dc.subjectspatial Durbin modelen_US
dc.subjecturbanizationen_US
dc.subjectfinancial developmenten_US
dc.subjectMENA regionen_US
dc.titleEcological Footprint and Its Determinants in MENA Countries: A Spatial Econometric Approachen_US
dc.typeArticleen_US
dcterms.dateAccepted2022-09-15
dcterms.dateSubmitted2022-07-22

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