Current Trends and Challenges for Rapid SMART Diagnostics at Point-of-Site Testing for Marine Toxins

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dc.contributor.authorDillon, Michael
dc.contributor.authorZaczek-Moczydlowska, Maja A.
dc.contributor.authorEdwards, Christine
dc.contributor.authorTurner, Andrew D.
dc.contributor.authorMiller, Peter I.
dc.contributor.authorMoore, Heather
dc.contributor.authorMcKinney, April
dc.contributor.authorLawton, Linda
dc.contributor.authorCampbell, Katrina
dc.date.accessioned2021-04-21T08:50:21Z
dc.date.available2021-04-21T08:50:21Z
dc.date.issued2021-04-03
dc.descriptionPublication history: Accepted - 24 March 2021; Published - 3 April 2021.en_US
dc.description.abstractIn the past twenty years marine biotoxin analysis in routine regulatory monitoring has advanced significantly in Europe (EU) and other regions from the use of the mouse bioassay (MBA) towards the high-end analytical techniques such as high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with tandem mass spectrometry (MS). Previously, acceptance of these advanced methods, in progressing away from the MBA, was hindered by a lack of commercial certified analytical standards for method development and validation. This has now been addressed whereby the availability of a wide range of analytical standards from several companies in the EU, North America and Asia has enhanced the development and validation of methods to the required regulatory standards. However, the cost of the high-end analytical equipment, lengthy procedures and the need for qualified personnel to perform analysis can still be a challenge for routine monitoring laboratories. In developing regions, aquaculture production is increasing and alternative inexpensive Sensitive, Measurable, Accurate and Real-Time (SMART) rapid point-of-site testing (POST) methods suitable for novice end users that can be validated and internationally accepted remain an objective for both regulators and the industry. The range of commercial testing kits on the market for marine toxin analysis remains limited and even more so those meeting the requirements for use in regulatory control. Individual assays include enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) and lateral flow membrane-based immunoassays (LFIA) for EU-regulated toxins, such as okadaic acid (OA) and dinophysistoxins (DTXs), saxitoxin (STX) and its analogues and domoic acid (DA) in the form of three separate tests offering varying costs and benefits for the industry. It can be observed from the literature that not only are developments and improvements ongoing for these assays, but there are also novel assays being developed using upcoming state-of-the-art biosensor technology. This review focuses on both currently available methods and recent advances in innovative methods for marine biotoxin testing and the end-user practicalities that need to be observed. Furthermore, it highlights trends that are influencing assay developments such as multiplexing capabilities and rapid POST, indicating potential detection methods that will shape the future market.en_US
dc.description.sponsorshipThis research was funded by the UK BBSRC project “Safe and Sustainable Shellfish: Introducing local testing and management solutions” (reference BB/S004211/1).en_US
dc.identifierhttp://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12518/236
dc.identifier.citationDillon, M., Zaczek-Moczydlowska, M. A., Edwards, C., Turner, A. D., Miller, P. I., Moore, H., McKinney, A., Lawton, L. and Campbell, K. (2021) ‘Current Trends and Challenges for Rapid SMART Diagnostics at Point-of-Site Testing for Marine Toxins’, Sensors. MDPI AG, 21(7), p. 2499. doi: 10.3390/s21072499.en_US
dc.identifier.issn1424-8220
dc.identifier.urihttps://doi.org/10.3390/s21072499
dc.language.isoenen_US
dc.publisherMDPIen_US
dc.rights© 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by/ 4.0/).en_US
dc.subjectmarine toxinsen_US
dc.subjectmethods of analysisen_US
dc.subjectSMART diagnosticsen_US
dc.subjectPOSTen_US
dc.subjectmultiplex detectionen_US
dc.titleCurrent Trends and Challenges for Rapid SMART Diagnostics at Point-of-Site Testing for Marine Toxinsen_US
dc.typeArticleen_US
dcterms.dateAccepted2021-03-24
dcterms.dateSubmitted2021-02-28

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